arousal & anxiety
In this section you need to know the following;
Arousal – Drive, Inverted U and Catastrophe theories
–Practical applications and impact on performance
– Zone of Optimal Functioning and peak flow experience.
Controlling Anxiety
– Different types of anxiety – somatic; cognitive, trait and state
– Measuring anxiety – observations; questionnaires; SCAT, STA1, CSAI 2, physiological measures
– Cognitive techniques – imagery, mental rehearsal and stress management, attentional control and cue utilisation, thought stopping, self-talk.
– Somatic techniques – biofeedback, centring, breathing control and muscle relaxation
Goal-setting – characteristics of effective goal setting.
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Arousal – Drive, Inverted U and Catastrophe theories
–Practical applications and impact on performance
– Zone of Optimal Functioning and peak flow experience.
Controlling Anxiety
– Different types of anxiety – somatic; cognitive, trait and state
– Measuring anxiety – observations; questionnaires; SCAT, STA1, CSAI 2, physiological measures
– Cognitive techniques – imagery, mental rehearsal and stress management, attentional control and cue utilisation, thought stopping, self-talk.
– Somatic techniques – biofeedback, centring, breathing control and muscle relaxation
Goal-setting – characteristics of effective goal setting.
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arousal Theories
In this section questions will ask you to discuss anxiety and arousal in relation to the theories. If it asks you to name a theory- you must name it! Sounds silly but you would be surprised what people forget to write!
Drive Theory- Linear relationship;As arousal increases so does performance. Dominant response- Elite is correct as well learnt skill. Non elite is incorrect, littered with mistakes as not learnt skill fully yet. Types of skill- complex poor performance, simple enhances performance.
Inverted U Theory- There is an optimum level of arousal- moderate level (Zone of Optimal Functioning/ Peak Flow). If under aroused or over aroused gradual drop in performance. Remember that this is measuring somatic anxiety. Different levels for skill (Simple/Complex), Personality of Performer (Introvert/Extrovert) and Stage of Learning (Cognitive/ Autonomous)
Catastrophe Theory-There is an optimum level of arousal- moderate level (Zone of Optimal Functioning/ Peak Flow), however when Somatic AND Cognitive anxiety are high performer suffered a rapid drop in performance. If the prefer continues to increase levels fo arousal and cant not control the performance gets worse. If the performer can control the level of arousal they may be able to lower it and slowly work back up to their optimal level and so performance recovers.
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Drive Theory- Linear relationship;As arousal increases so does performance. Dominant response- Elite is correct as well learnt skill. Non elite is incorrect, littered with mistakes as not learnt skill fully yet. Types of skill- complex poor performance, simple enhances performance.
Inverted U Theory- There is an optimum level of arousal- moderate level (Zone of Optimal Functioning/ Peak Flow). If under aroused or over aroused gradual drop in performance. Remember that this is measuring somatic anxiety. Different levels for skill (Simple/Complex), Personality of Performer (Introvert/Extrovert) and Stage of Learning (Cognitive/ Autonomous)
Catastrophe Theory-There is an optimum level of arousal- moderate level (Zone of Optimal Functioning/ Peak Flow), however when Somatic AND Cognitive anxiety are high performer suffered a rapid drop in performance. If the prefer continues to increase levels fo arousal and cant not control the performance gets worse. If the performer can control the level of arousal they may be able to lower it and slowly work back up to their optimal level and so performance recovers.
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arousal_theories_graphs.ppt | |
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arousal_intro.doc | |
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arousal_theories_additional_pp.ppt | |
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drive_theory.doc | |
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inverted_u_theory.doc | |
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catastrophe_theory.doc | |
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KEY WORDS
Drive Theory, Inverted U Theory, Catastrophe Theory, Somatic, Cognitive, Reticular Activating System, Arousal, Dominant Response, Autonomous Phase of Learning, Nature of Task, Personality, Extrovert, Introvert.
Drive Theory, Inverted U Theory, Catastrophe Theory, Somatic, Cognitive, Reticular Activating System, Arousal, Dominant Response, Autonomous Phase of Learning, Nature of Task, Personality, Extrovert, Introvert.
peak flow
This section will require you to know the characteristics of peak flow and describe the feelings the performer will experience. It is also important to know the conditions that have to be present in order for a performer to get in the Zone of Optimal Functioning.
Characteristics of Peak Flow;-
Highly focused on the task/good selective attention/fully absorbed/ involved in activity
Movement or skill feels effortless/physical and mental harmony
Clear goals.
High levels of confidence/self-efficacy/sense of well being
Sub-conscious feelings of control/being on autopilot/ automatic/ optimal levels of arousal/zone of optimal functioning/ZOF
Characteristics of Peak Flow;-
Highly focused on the task/good selective attention/fully absorbed/ involved in activity
Movement or skill feels effortless/physical and mental harmony
Clear goals.
High levels of confidence/self-efficacy/sense of well being
Sub-conscious feelings of control/being on autopilot/ automatic/ optimal levels of arousal/zone of optimal functioning/ZOF
in_the_zone.ppt | |
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in_the_zone_article.pdf | |
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KEY WORDS
Cue Utilisation Theory, Zone of Optimal Functioning, Attentional Narrowing, Attentional Wastage, Peak Flow Experience, Clear goals, Optimum Arousal, Confidence, Positive Thinking, Sense of Purpose, Loss of Consciousness, Effortless Movement, Subconscious Movement.
Cue Utilisation Theory, Zone of Optimal Functioning, Attentional Narrowing, Attentional Wastage, Peak Flow Experience, Clear goals, Optimum Arousal, Confidence, Positive Thinking, Sense of Purpose, Loss of Consciousness, Effortless Movement, Subconscious Movement.
types of anxiety & effects on performance
In this section you need to be able to explain and give examples for the four different types of anxiety; Cognitive, Somatic, State and Trait.
Trait anxiety/A-Trait – performer generally perceives situations as threatening
State anxiety/A-State – level of anxiety at a specific time/particular situation
Cognitive anxiety – psychological responses/thoughts and worries of performer/doubts in their ability to complete the task
Somatic anxiety – physiological responses of performer/increased heart rate/sweating
Questions may ask about the build up of anxiety prior to a performance. Remember that Cognitive anxiety is high in the weeks/days before and somatic is low (you don't get sweaty palms and butterflies 2 weeks before!) Immediately before performance both are high (so sweaty palms, nausea before the start of the race) and then they both drop- in theory!
Trait anxiety/A-Trait – performer generally perceives situations as threatening
State anxiety/A-State – level of anxiety at a specific time/particular situation
Cognitive anxiety – psychological responses/thoughts and worries of performer/doubts in their ability to complete the task
Somatic anxiety – physiological responses of performer/increased heart rate/sweating
Questions may ask about the build up of anxiety prior to a performance. Remember that Cognitive anxiety is high in the weeks/days before and somatic is low (you don't get sweaty palms and butterflies 2 weeks before!) Immediately before performance both are high (so sweaty palms, nausea before the start of the race) and then they both drop- in theory!
High levels of arousal can also cause Attentional Narrowing- which means the performer gets anxious and loses focus and in an attempt to regain focus they try to focus on just one thing- this then means they end up missing important cues from elsewhere such as team mates and opposition positions, communications etc.
perception_narrowing.doc | |
File Size: | 39 kb |
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KEY WORDS
Somatic Anxiety, Sweaty Palms, Butterflies, Nausea, Cognitive, Anxiety, Worry, Apprehension, State Anxiety, Situational, Trait Anxiety, Innate.
Somatic Anxiety, Sweaty Palms, Butterflies, Nausea, Cognitive, Anxiety, Worry, Apprehension, State Anxiety, Situational, Trait Anxiety, Innate.
measuring anxiety
In this section you can be asked about specific questionnaires that measure anxiety or asked about advantages and disadvantages of certain methods of collection eg. Questionnaires, Observations and Biofeedback.
measuring_anxiety.pptx | |
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csai2.pdf | |
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scat_test.pdf | |
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stai.pdf | |
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KEY WORDS
Self Report Questionnaires, Biofeedback, Validity, Observations, STAI, CSAI-2, SCAT, Biased, Socially Desirable.
Self Report Questionnaires, Biofeedback, Validity, Observations, STAI, CSAI-2, SCAT, Biased, Socially Desirable.
controlling anxiety
There are various ways to control anxiety. They can be split into Cognitive and Somatic Methods. When answering these types of question you must ensure you understand WHICH methods you have to explain - if it asks for Somatic techniques and you explain Cognitive techniques you will get no marks!
You need to be able to describe the following techniques in detail;
Cognitive Techniques; Imagery, Mental Rehearsal, Attentional Control, Cue Utilisation, Thought Stopping, Self Talk
Somatic Techniques; Biofeedback, Centring, Breathing Control, Muscle Relaxation.
You need to be able to describe the following techniques in detail;
Cognitive Techniques; Imagery, Mental Rehearsal, Attentional Control, Cue Utilisation, Thought Stopping, Self Talk
Somatic Techniques; Biofeedback, Centring, Breathing Control, Muscle Relaxation.
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KEY WORDS
Imagery, Mental Rehearsal Attentional Control, Cue Utilisation, Thought Stopping, Self-Talk, Biofeedback, Centring, Breathing Control Muscle Relaxation.
Imagery, Mental Rehearsal Attentional Control, Cue Utilisation, Thought Stopping, Self-Talk, Biofeedback, Centring, Breathing Control Muscle Relaxation.
Goal Setting
Questions about goal setting can ask about; the benefits of Goal Setting, key terms are very important here such as Task Persistence and Approach Behaviour. Types of Goals such as Outcome, Performance and Process. Finally you could be asked about the Principles of Goal Setting- SMARTER is a good acronym to remember here.
Characteristics of Effective Goal Setting
(Specific) – linked to performer/sport/position
(Measurable) – objective/not subjective
(Agreed/accepted) – involve the performer in setting the goals
(Realistic/achievable) – with performers ability/not demotivating
(Time phased/long and short term goals) – set time for evaluation
(Exciting/challenging) – motivate the performer
(Recorded) – written for future reference/improves ownership
(Outcome goal) – based on end result, eg winning the match
(Performance goal) – based on performers own ability level, eg linked to personal best time/completing specific percentage
pass rate
(Process goal) – based on performers techniques/tactics, eg extending the arms when passing/completing a specific role
within tactical formation
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Characteristics of Effective Goal Setting
(Specific) – linked to performer/sport/position
(Measurable) – objective/not subjective
(Agreed/accepted) – involve the performer in setting the goals
(Realistic/achievable) – with performers ability/not demotivating
(Time phased/long and short term goals) – set time for evaluation
(Exciting/challenging) – motivate the performer
(Recorded) – written for future reference/improves ownership
(Outcome goal) – based on end result, eg winning the match
(Performance goal) – based on performers own ability level, eg linked to personal best time/completing specific percentage
pass rate
(Process goal) – based on performers techniques/tactics, eg extending the arms when passing/completing a specific role
within tactical formation
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goal_setting.ppt | |
File Size: | 110 kb |
File Type: | ppt |
KEY WORDS
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Exciting, Recorded, Outcome goal, Performance goal, Long term goal, Short term goal.
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Exciting, Recorded, Outcome goal, Performance goal, Long term goal, Short term goal.
past paper questions
arousal_and_anxiety_exam_questions.docx | |
File Size: | 21 kb |
File Type: | docx |